Impact of Advertisement

advert From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation, search This name is about the light(a) of communion. For different engagements, see Advertiser (disambiguation). Adverts re contri howeveres here. For the English punk band, see The Adverts. For take c atomic number 18t guidelines on the engross of advert in Wikipedia members, see WikipediaSpam. For a aim on existenceize about Wikipedia, see WikipediaAdvertisements. A Coca-Cola advert from the mid-nineties Marketing Key concepts overlap merchandise * Pricing * Distribution * assist * Retail * Brand management * Account-based tack * Ethics * Effectiveness * inquiry * Segmentation * Strategy * dissembleivation * Management * Dominance * Marketing trading operations Promotional imports * advert * Branding * Underwriting petty letter * Direct merchandising * Personal sales * Product placement * in the worldly concern eye(predicate)ity * gross sales state-supportedity * Sex in advertize * Loyalty forage for thoughtstuffing * officious market placeing * Premiums * Prizes Promotional media Printing * Publication * transmit * Out-of-home advert * net profit * centralise of sale * Merchandise * digital market * In-game publicizing * Product induction * Word-of-mouth * Brand ambassador * Drip marketing * Visual sell * v * t * e report is a haoma of communication for marketing and usanced to encourage or persuade an sense of hearing ( stunners, readers or listeners some pieces a peculiar(prenominal) group) to continue or take some raw action.Most vulgarly, the desired result is to trend consumer behavior with rate to a technical offering, although political and ideological advertisement is excessively common. In Latin, ad vertere convey to deck out the mind toward. 1 The purpose of habitualize whitethorn alike be to reassure go forees or sh beholders that a comp some(prenominal) is vi fitting or successful. announce capacitys ar usually paid for by admirers and viewed via various conventional media including stilt media such(prenominal)(prenominal) as sassyspaper, magazines, picture mer put uptile, tuner receiver advertisement, outdoor advertizing or range mail or new media such as blogs, sack upsites or text messages.Commercial advertisers practically seek to generate increased employment of their results or services finished with(predicate) stigmatization, which involves the repetition of an image or increase name in an effort to confrere certain qualities with the cross out in the minds of consumers. Non- mercenary message advertisers who spend m iodiny to advertise items other than a consumer output or service take political purposeies, please groups, religious organizations and govern psychical agencies. non-profit-making organizations whitethorn rely on free modes of persuasion, such as a domain service announcement (PSA). authorized announce was shitd with the innovati ve techniques introduced with tobacco ad in the 1920s, most basically with the shakes of Edward Bernays, which is to a greater extent checked the frameer of modern, capital of Wisconsin high course advertizing. 123 In 2010, spending on advert was estimated at $142. 5 meg in the get together States and $467 jillion world wide-eyed 4 Internationally, the flockyst (big quad) advertize conglomerates atomic number 18 Interpublic, Omnicom, Publicis, and WPP. citation needed Contents * 1 History * 1. 19th degree centigrade * 1. 2 20th century * 1. 2. 1 On the communicate from the 1920s * 1. 2. 2 Public service announce in WW2 * 1. 2. 3 Commercial telecasting in the 1950s * 1. 2. 4 Media variegation in the mid-sixties * 1. 2. 5 cable tv from the 1980s * 1. 2. 6 On the profit from the nineties * 2 advertize surmisal * 2. 1 Hierarchy of effect ride * 2. 2 Marketing mix * 3 Types of advertise * 4 Sales promotions * 5 Media and publicize come upes * 5. 1 Rise in ne w media * 5. ceding back marketing * 5. 3 Crowdsourcing * 5. 4 spheric advertize * 5. 5 immaterial public messaging * 5. 6 Diversification * 5. 7 New engineering science * 5. 8 Advertising cultivation * 6 Criticisms * 7 jurisprudence * 8 Advertising enquiry * 9 Semiotics * 10 Gender effects in the processing of advertise * 11 tick as hygienic as * 12 Notes * 13 References * 14 External links History Edo terminus denote flyer from 1806 for a customsal medicine cal guide Kinseitan Egyptians ingestiond paper rush to make sales messages and wall posters.Commercial messages and political campaign breaks make been make up in the ruins of Pompeii and ancient Arabia. Lost and found announce on paper plant was common in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Wall or endocarp painting for commercial announce is another manife rate of an ancient advertising realize, which is present to this twenty-four hour period in galore(postnominal) initiates of Asia, Africa, and Sout h America. The tradition of wall painting piece of tail be traced back to Indian jounce art paintings that date back to 4000 BC. 5 History tells us that Out-of-home advertising and billboards argon the oldest strainings of advertising.As the t declargons and cities of the Middle Ages began to grow, and the general populace was unable to read, signs that today would say cobbler, miller, geld or blacksmith would use an image associated with their trade such as a boot, a suit, a hat, a clock, a diamond, a horse shoe, a candle or even a bag of flour. Fruits and vegetables were sold in the city squ atomic number 18 from the backs of carts and wagons and their proprietors utilize street callers (town criers) to announce their whereabouts for the convenience of the customers.As education became an app arnt need and culture, as intumesce as printing, developed advertising expanded to overwhelm handbills. citation needed In the 18th centurywhen? advertisements started to count in p eriodical newspapers in England. These aboriginal print advertisements were used master(prenominal)ly to elicit books and newspapers, which became progressively affordable with asserts in the printing press and medicines, which were change magnitudely sought subsequently as disease ravaged Europe. However, ill-advised advertising and so-cal lead quack advertisements became a problem, which ushered in the regulation of advertising national. 9th century An 1895 advertisement for a incubus pass on product. As the economy expanded during the 19th century, advertising grew alongside. In the linked States, the success of this advertising spurtat government issueually led to the growth of mail-order advertising. In June 1836, French newspaper La Presse was the learn beat to include paid advertising in its pages, according it to lower its price, extend its readership and increase its gainfulness and the formula was soon copied by all titles. Around 1840, Volney B.Palmer es tablished the grow of the modern day advertising agency in Philadelphia. In 1842 Palmer bought bad amounts of spot in various newspapers at a discounted rate whence resold the space at higher rates to advertisers. The tangible ad the copy, layout, and prowess was still prep bed by the comp whatsoever offering to advertise in effect, Palmer was a space broker. The situation salmagundid in the late 19th century when the advertising agency of N. W. Ayer & give-and-take was founded. Ayer and Son offered to plan, create, and execute complete advertising campaigns for its customers.By 1900 the advertising agency had sour the focal point of fictive planning, and advertising was firmly established as a profession. 6 Around the alike(p) clock time, in France, Charles-Louis Havas extended the services of his news agency, Havas to include advertisement brokerage, making it the premiere French group to organize. At starting signal, agencies were brokers for advertisement space in newspapers. N. W. Ayer & Son was the first full-service agency to assume responsibility for advertising content. N. W. Ayer opened in 1869, and was impersonate(p) in Philadelphia. 6 20th centuryA print advertisement for the 1913 issue of the Encyclop? dia Britannica At the turn of the century, in that location were few premeditationer choices for women in bloodline however, advertising was unrivaled of the few. Since women were responsible for most of the purchasing d angiotensin converting enzyme in their household, advertisers and agencies ack forthwithledge the value of womens insight during the creative process. In occurrence, the first American advertising to use a sexual sell was created by a womanhood for a soap product. Although tame by todays standards,citation needed the advertisement larkd a couple with the message The skin you love to touch. 7non- primary quill source needed Modern advertising was created with the innovative techniques used in tobacco advert ising outset in the 1920s, most significantly with the campaigns of Edward Bernays, which is oft considered as the fo low of modern, Madison Avenue advertising. 123 The tobacco industries was one of the firsts to make use of grass production, with the introduction of the Bonsack machine to roll cig bettes. The Bonsack machine allowed the production of cigarettes for a mass markets, and the tobacco industry needed to match such an increase in submit with the creation of a contend from the masses finished advertising. 8 On the radio from the 1920s Advertisement for a live radio broadcast, sponsored by a milk company and published in the Los Angeles Times on may 6, 1930 In the untimely 1920s, the first radio stations were established by radio equipment manufacturers and retailers who offered programs in order to sell to a greater extent than radios to consumers. As time passed, many non-profit organizations followed suit in setting up their own radio stations, and included sc hools, clubs and civic groups. 9 Advertisements of hotels in Pichilemu, Chile from 1935.When the practice of sponsoring programs was popularised, for each one mortal radio program was usually sponsored by a single bus topologyiness in exchange for a brief mention of the business name at the beginning and end of the sponsored shows. However, radio station owners soon realised they could acquit to a greater extent money by selling sponsorship rights in small time allocations to multiple businesses doneout their radio stations broadcasts, sort of than selling the sponsorship rights to single businesses per show. Public service advertising in WW2The advertising techniques used to abet commercial goods and services can be used to inform, educate and motivate the public about non-commercial issues, such as HIV/AIDScitation needed, political ideology, energy saving and deforestation. Advertising, in its non-commercial guise, is a powerful educational whoreson capable of arrive at and motivating large audiences. Advertising justifies its existence when used in the public interestit is much too powerful a tool to use merely for commercial purposes. Attributed to Howard Gossage by David Ogilvy. Public service advertising, non-commercial advertising, public interest advertising, cause marketing, and neighborly marketing are different terms for (or aspects of) the use of sophisticated advertising and marketing communications techniques (generally associated with commercial enterprise) on behalf of non-commercial, public interest issues and initiatives.In the joined States, the granting of tv set and radio licenses by the FCC is contingent upon the station bare a certain amount of public service advertising. To make full these pick outments, many broadcast stations in America advertize the bulk of their required public service announcements during the late night or early morning when the smallest percentage of viewers are watching, leaving much day and prime time commercial slots available for high-paying advertisers.Public service advertising advanceed its tiptop during World Wars I and II nether the direction of more than one government. During WWII President Roosevelt commissioned the creation of The War Advertising Council (now cognise as the Ad Council) which is the nations largest developer of PSA campaigns on behalf of government agencies and non-profit organizations, including the longest-running PSA campaign, Smo severalise Bear. citation needed Commercial goggle box in the 1950s This practice was carried over to commercial boob tube in the late 1940s and early 1950s.A fierce battle was fought betwixt those quest to commercialise the radio and great take who argued that the radio spectrum should be considered a part of the commons to be used only non-commercially and for the public good. The joined land pursued a public funding forge for the BBC, originally a private company, the British Broadcasting Company, b ut incorporated as a public body by Royal Charter in 1927. In Canada, advocates like Graham Spry were likewise able to persuade the national government to adopt a public funding model, creating the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.However, in the United States, the capitalist model prevailed with the passage of the Communications Act of 1934 which created the Federal Communications electric charge (FCC). 9 However, the U. S. telling did require commercial broadcasting companies to operate in the public interest, convenience, and necessity. 10 Public broadcasting now exists in the United States due to the 1967 Public Broadcasting Act which led to the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and National Public Radio (NPR).In the early 1950s, the DuMont Television Network began the modern practice of selling advertisement time to multiple sponsors. Previously, DuMont had trouble finding sponsors for many of their programs and compensated by selling small blocks of advertising time to se veral businesses. This eventually became the standard for the commercial television industry in the United States. However, it was still a common practice to keep up single sponsor shows, such as The United States Steel Hour.In some instances the sponsors exercised great enclose over the content of the showup to and including having ones advertising agency actually writing the show. The single sponsor model is much less prevalent now, a notable ejection creation the Hallmark Hall of Fame. Media diversification in the 1960s In the 1960s, campaigns featuring heavy spending in different mass media channels became more prominent. For exercising, the Esso gasoline company spent hundreds of millions of dollars on a bell ringer ken campaign built around the simple and alliterative11 theme Put a Tiger in Your Tank. 12 Psychologist Ernest Dichter13 and DDB Worldwide copywriter Sandy Sulcer14 learned that motorists desired both power and play magic spell capricious, and chose the ti ger as an easyto take to be symbol to communicate those feelings. The conglutination American and later European campaign featured extensive television and radio and magazine ads, including photos with tiger tails supposedly emerging from car gas tanks, promotional events featuring real tigers, billboards, and in Europe station pump hoses wrapped in tiger stripes as well as pop symphony songs. 12 Tiger imaging can still be seen on the pumps of successor firm ExxonMobil. Cable tv from the 1980s The late 1980s and early 1990s cut the introduction of cable television and evently MTV. Pioneering the concept of the music telecasting, MTV ushered in a new type of advertising the consumer tunes in for the advertising message, rather than it being a by-product or afterthought. As cable and air television became increasingly prevalent, specialty channels emerged, including channels entirely use to advertising, such as QVC, Home Shopping Network, and ShopTV Canada.On the internet fr om the 1990s main(prenominal) article Internet marketing With the advent of the ad server, marketing through the Internet opened new frontiers for advertisers and contributed to the dot-com boom of the 1990s. Entire corporations operated solely on advertising revenue, offering everything from coupons to free Internet access. At the turn of the 21st century, a number of meshingsites including the search engine Google, started a change in online advertising by emphasizing contextually pertinent, unobtrusive ads mean to supporter, rather than inundate, users.This has led to a plethora of interchangeable efforts and an increasing trim back of interactive advertising. The share of advertising spending relative to GDP has changed minor across large changes in media. For example, in the US in 1925, the main advertising media were newspapers, magazines, signs on streetcars, and outdoor posters. Advertising spending as a share of GDP was about 2. 9 percent. By 1998, television and ra dio had become major advertising media. Nonetheless, advertising spending as a share of GDP was slightly lowerabout 2. percent. 15 A new advertising innovation is guerrilla marketing, which involves unusual approaches such as defendd encounters in public places, givea panaches of products such as cars that are cover with brand messages, and interactive advertising where the viewer can oppose to become part of the advertising message. Guerrilla advertising is becoming increasingly more popular with a lot of companies. This type of advertising is unpredictable and innovative, which causes consumers to debauch the product or idea.This reflects an increasing trend of interactive and embedded ads, such as via product placement, having consumers vote through text messages, and various innovations utilizing social network services such as Facebook or Twitter. citation needed Advertising sy group Hierarchy of effects model This section contains learning of unclear or questionable i mportance or relevance to the articles subject matter. Please help emend this article by clarifying or removing superfluous learning. revered 2012) * Hierarchy of effects model16 It clarifies the objectives of an advertising campaign and for each individual advertisement. The model suggests that there are six steps a consumer or a business buyer moves through when making a purchase. The steps are 1. Awareness 2. Knowledge 3. Liking 4. Preference 5. Conviction 6. Purchase * Means-End conjecture This approach suggests that an advertisement should contain a message or means that leads the consumer to a desired end state. Leverage Points It is designed to move the consumer from sense a products benefits to linking those benefits with personal values. * Verbal and Visual Images The political economy of advertisement is the theory that a few powerful groups, or knowledge monopolies, control the thoughts, behaviors, and actions of the public through mass media as communication. As a form of communication, advertisement uses repeat verbal and visual images to develop and alter society.Over time, these repeated images and symbols become associated with either positive or negative attributes and can characterize the publics evaluation of such cultural objects as people, religions, social groups, and societal roles. Thus, the media forms the beliefs and values of the public through media portrayals. The messages of the ((political economy)) commonly correlate with current economic interests. 17 Marketing mix This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the articles subject matter.Please help amend this article by clarifying or removing superfluous information. (August 2012) Main article Marketing mix The marketing mix has been the key concept to advertising. The marketing mix was suggested by professor E. Jerome McCarthy in the 1960s. The marketing mix bes of four basic elements called the four Ps. Product is the fi rst P representing the actual product. Price represents the process of determining the value of a product. Place represents the variables of acquire the product to the consumer like distribution channels, market coverage and movement organization.The outlast P stands for Promotion which is the process of reaching the target market and win over them to go out and buy the product. citation needed Types of advertising An advertisement for a diner. much(prenominal) signs are common on storefronts. Paying people to hold signs is one of the oldest forms of advertising, as with this human billboard pictured above A bus with an advertisement for GAP in Singapore. Buses and other fomites are popular media for advertisers. A DBAG Class 101 with UNICEF ads at Ingolstadt main railway station surface any medium can be used for advertising.Commercial advertising media can include wall paintings, billboards, street furniture components, printed flyers and rack cards, radio, cinema and televi sion adverts, web banners, unstable telephone screens, shopping carts, web popups, skywriting, bus take leave benches, human billboards and forehead advertising, magazines, newspapers, town criers, sides of buses, banners attached to or sides of airplanes (logojets), in-flight advertisements on seatback tray tables or overhead storage bins, taxicab doors, roof mounts and passenger screens, musical stage shows, subway platforms and trains, elastic bands on disposable diapers, doors of bathroom stalls, stickers on apples in supermarkets, shopping cart handles (grabertising), the opening section of streaming audio and video, posters, and the backs of event tickets and supermarket receipts. Any place an identified sponsor pays to deliver their message through a medium is advertising. Television advertising / Music in advertising The TV commercial is generally considered the most effective mass-market advertising format, as is reflected by the high prices TV net full treatment charge f or commercial airtime during popular TV events. The annual Super bun football game in the United States is known as the most prominent advertising event on television.The average cost of a single thirty-second TV spot during this game has reached US$3. 5 million (as of 2012). Some television commercials feature a song or jingle that listeners soon relate to the product. virtual(prenominal)(prenominal) advertisements may be inserted into regular television programming through ready reckoner graphics. It is typically inserted into otherwise blank backdrops18 or used to replace topical anesthetic billboards that are not germane(predicate) to the remote broadcast audience. 19 More polemicly, virtual billboards may be inserted into the background20 where none exist in real-life. This technique is particularly used in televised sporting events. 2122 Virtual product placement is in any case possible. 2324 Infomercials An infomercial is a long-format television commercial, typically five minutes or longer. The word infomercial is a portmanteau of the spoken communication information commercial. The main objective in an infomercial is to create an impulse purchase, so that the consumer sees the presentation and then immediately buys the product through the publicise toll-free telephone number or website. Infomercials describe, display, and frequentlytimes demonstrate products and their features, and commonly cause testimonials from consumers and industry professionals. Radio advertising Radio advertising is a form of advertising via the medium of radio.Radio advertisements are broadcast as radio waves to the air from a transmitter to an antenna and a thus to a receiving device. Airtime is purchased from a station or network in exchange for airing the commercials. eon radio has the limitation of being restricted to sound, proponents of radio advertising often cite this as an advantage. Radio is an expanding medium that can be found not only on air, but s imilarly online. According to Arbitron, radio has approximately 241. 6 million weekly listeners, or more than 93 percent of the U. S. population. Online advertising Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to suck in customers. Online ads are delivered by an ad server.Examples of online advertising include contextual ads that appear on search engine results pages, banner ads, in text ads, recondite Media Ads, Social network advertising, online classified advertising, advertising networks and email marketing, including e-mail spam. Product placements Covert advertising, alike known as guerrilla advertising, is when a product or brand is embedded in entertainment and media. For example, in a pic, the main character can use an item or other of a definite brand, as in the movie Minority Report, where tom turkey Cruises character John Anderton owns a phone with the Nokia logo clear ly compose in the top corner, or his watch engraved with the Bulgari logo. Another example of advertising in film is in I, Robot, where main character contend by Will Smith mentions his Converse shoes several times, trade them classics, because the film is set far in the future.I, Robot and Spaceballs also cause futuristic cars with the Audi and Mercedes-Benz discussion clearly displayed on the front of the vehicles. Cadillac chose to advertise in the movie The Matrix Reloaded, which as a result contained many scenes in which Cadillac cars were used. Similarly, product placement for Omega Watches, Ford, VAIO, BMW and Aston Martin cars are featured in novel James Bond films, most notably Casino Royale. In grand Four Rise of the Silver Surfer, the main transport vehicle shows a large Dodge logo on the front. Blade outset includes some of the most obvious product placement the whole film stops to show a Coca-Cola billboard. Press advertisingPress advertising describes advertisi ng in a printed medium such as a newspaper, magazine, or trade journal. This encompasses everything from media with a very broad readership base, such as a major national newspaper or magazine, to more narrowly targeted media such as local newspapers and trade journals on very specialized topics. A form of press advertising is classified advertising, which allows private individuals or companies to purchase a small, narrowly targeted ad for a low fee advertising a product or service. Another form of press advertising is the divulge Ad, which is a larger ad (can include art) that typically run in an article section of a newspaper.Billboard advertising Billboards are large structures turn up in public places which display advertisements to fleeting pedestrians and motorists. Most often, they are located on main roads with a large amount of passing motor and pedestrian traffic however, they can be position in any location with large amounts of viewers, such as on mass transit vehic les and in stations, in shopping malls or office buildings, and in stadiums. The RedEye newspaper advertised to its target market at North Avenue Beach with a sailboat billboard on Lake Michigan. industrious billboard advertising Mobile billboards are generally vehicle attach billboards or digital screens.These can be on dedicated vehicles built solely for carrying advertisements along routes preselected by clients, they can also be oddly equipped cargo trucks or, in some qualitys, large banners strewn from planes. The billboards are often lighted some being backlit, and others employing spotlights. Some billboard displays are static, while others change for example, continuously or periodically rotating among a set of advertisements. Mobile displays are used for various situations in metropolitan areas throughout the world, including set advertising, One-day, and long-term campaigns, Conventions, Sporting events, Store openings and similar promotional events, and Big advertise ments from smaller companies. In-store advertising In-store advertising is any advertisement placed in a retail store.It includes placement of a product in visible locations in a store, such as at eye level, at the ends of aisles and near checkout counters (aka POPPoint Of Purchase display), eye-catching displays promoting a precise product, and advertisements in such places as shopping carts and in-store video displays. Coffee transfuse advertising Coffee cup advertising is any advertisement placed upon a coffee cup that is distributed out of an office, cafe, or drive-through coffee shop. This form of advertising was first popularized in Australia, and has begun ripening in popularity in the United States, India, and parts of the Middle East. citation needed Street advertising This type of advertising first came to prominence in the UK by Street Advertising Services to create outdoor advertising on street furniture and pavements.Working with products such as Reverse Graffiti, ai r dancers and 3D pavement advertising, the media became an affordable and effective tool for getting brand messages out into public spaces. citation needed Sheltered Outdoor Advertising This type of advertising opens the possibility of combining outdoor with indoor advertisement by placing large mobile, structures (tents) in public places on temporary bases. The large outer advertising space exerts a strong pull on the observer, the product is promoted indoor, where the creative decor can intensify the impression. Celebrity branding This type of advertising focuses upon using celebrity power, fame, money, popularity to gain recognition for their products and promote specific stores or products.Advertisers often advertise their products, for example, when celebrities share their favorite products or wear clothes by specific brands or designers. Celebrities are often involved in advertising campaigns such as television or print adverts to advertise specific or general products. The us e of celebrities to keep going a brand can gift its downsides, however. One mistake by a celebrity can be detri noetic to the public transaction of a brand. For example, following his executeance of eight gold medals at the 2008 surpassing Games in Beijing, China, swimmer Michael Phelps contract with Kelloggs was terminated, as Kelloggs did not want to associate with him after he was photographed smoking marijuana.Celebrities such as Britney Spears have advertised for multiple products including Pepsi, Candies from Kohls, Twister, NASCAR, Toyota and many more. Sales promotions Sales promotions are another way to advertise. Sales promotions are double purposed because they are used to gather information about what type of customers you draw in and where they are, and to jumpstart sales. Sales promotions include things like contests and games, sweepstakes, product giveaways, samples coupons, loyalty programs, and discounts. The ultimate goal of sales promotions is to micturate po tential customers to action. 25 Media and advertising approaches This section may contain original research.Please improve it by verifying the titles do and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. (April 2012) This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2012) Increasingly, other media are going many of the traditional media such as television, radio and newspaper because of a shift toward consumers usage of the Internet for news and music as well as devices like digital video recorders (DVRs) such as TiVo. 26 digital signage is poised to become a major mass media because of its susceptibility to reach larger audiences for less money. Digital signage also offer the unique ability to see the target audience where they are reached by the medium.Technological advances have also made it possible to control the message on digital signage with much precision, enabling the messages to be relevant to the target audience a t any given time and location which in turn, gets more response from the advertising. Digital signage is being successfully employed in supermarkets. 27 Another successful use of digital signage is in hospitality locations such as restaurants. 28 and malls. 29 Advertising on the World Wide Web is a recent phenomenon. Prices of Web-based advertising space are dependent on the relevance of the surrounding web content and the traffic that the website receives. Reasons for online display advertising Display ads generate awareness quickly.Unlike search, which requires individual to be aware of a need, display advertising can drive awareness of something new and without previous knowledge. Display works well for direct response. Display is not only used for generating awareness, its used for direct response campaigns that link to a landing page with a clear call to action. E-mail advertising is another recent phenomenon. unasked bulk E-mail advertising is known as e-mail spam. Spam has b een a problem for e-mail users for many years. A new form of advertising that is growing rapidly is social network advertising. It is online advertising with a focus on social networking sites.This is a relatively new market, but it has shown a lot of promise as advertisers are able to take advantage of the demographic information the user has provided to the social networking site. Friendertising is a more precise advertising term in which people are able to direct advertisements toward others directly using social network service. citation needed As the mobile phone became a new mass media in 1998 when the first paid downloadable content appeared on mobile phones in Finland, it was only a matter of time until mobile advertising followed, also first launched in Finland in 2000. By 2007 the value of mobile advertising had reached $2. 2 billion and providers such as Admob delivered billions of mobile ads. citation needed More advanced mobile ads include banner ads, coupons, Multimed ia Messaging Service picture and video messages, advergames and various engagement marketing campaigns. A particular feature driving mobile ads is the 2D Barcode, which replaces the need to do any typing of web addresses, and uses the camera feature of modern phones to gain immediate access to web content. 83 percent of Japanese mobile phone users already are active users of 2D barcodes. citation needed Some companies have proposed placing messages or corporate logos on the side of booster rockets and the International Space Station. citation needed Unpaid advertising (also called publicity advertising), can provide good exposure at minimal cost.Personal recommendations (bring a friend, sell it), spreading buzz, or achieving the feat of equating a brand with a common noun (in the United States, Xerox = photocopier, Kleenex = tissue, Vaseline = petroleum jelly, Hoover = vacuum cleaner, and Band-Aid = adhesive bandage) these can be seen as the pinnacle of any advertising campaign. Ho wever, some companies oppose the use of their brand name to label an object. Equating a brand with a common noun also risks good turn that brand into a genericized trademark turning it into a generic term which means that its legal protection as a trademark is lost. From time to time, The CW Television Network airs short programming breaks called Content Wraps, to advertise one companys product during an entire commercial break.The CW pioneered content wraps and some products featured were Herbal Essences, Crest, Guitar Hero II, CoverGirl, and recently Toyota. Recently, there appeared a new promotion concept, ARvertising, advertising on Augmented globe engine room. citation needed Controversy exists on the effectiveness of subliminal advertising (see mind control), and the pervasiveness of mass messages (see propaganda). citation needed Rise in new media US Newspaper Advertising revenue Newspaper Association of America published data 30 With the Internet came many new advertisin g opportunities. Popup, Flash, banner, Popunder, advergaming, and email advertisements (all of which are often unwanted or spam in the case of email) are now commonplace.Particularly since the rise of socialise advertising, some people may like an advertisement enough to wish to watch it later or show a friend. In general, the advertising community has not yet made this easy, although some have used the Internet to widely distribute their ads to anyone allow foring to see or hear them. In the last tercet quarters of 2009 mobile and internet advertising grew by 18. 1% and 9. 2% respectively. Older media advertising saw declines ? 10. 1% (TV), ? 11. 7% (radio), ? 14. 8% (magazines) and ? 18. 7% (newspapers ). citation needed Niche marketing Another significant trend regarding future of advertising is the growing importance of the niche market using niche or targeted ads.Also brought about by the Internet and the theory of The Long Tail, advertisers leave alone have an increasing ability to reach specific audiences. In the past, the most efficient way to deliver a message was to blanket the largest mass market audience possible. However, usage tracking, customer profiles and the growing popularity of niche content brought about by everything from blogs to social networking sites, provide advertisers with audiences that are smaller but much better defined, leading to ads that are more relevant to viewers and more effective for companies marketing products. Among others, Comcast Spotlight is one such advertiser employing this method in their video on demand menus.These advertisements are targeted to a specific group and can be viewed by anyone wishing to find out more about a particular business or practice at any time, right from their home. This causes the viewer to become proactive and actually choose what advertisements they want to view. 31 Crowdsourcing Main article Crowdsourcing The concept of crowdsourcing has given way to the trend of user-generated a dvertisements. User-generated ads are created by consumers as opposed to an advertising agency or the company themselves, most often they are a result of brand sponsored advertising contests. For the 2007 Super Bowl, the Frito-Lays segmentation of PepsiCo held the Crash the Super Bowl contest, allowing consumers to create their own Doritos commercial. 32 Chevrolet held a similar competition for their Tahoe line of SUVs. 32 Due to the success of the Doritos user-generated ads in the 2007 Super Bowl, Frito-Lays relaunched the competition for the 2009 and 2010 Super Bowl. The resulting ads were among the most-watched and most-liked Super Bowl ads. In fact, the winning ad that ethereal in the 2009 Super Bowl was ranked by the USA at once Super Bowl Ad Meter as the top ad for the year while the winning ads that aired in the 2010 Super Bowl were found by Nielsens BuzzMetrics to be the most buzzed-about. 3334 This trend has given rise to several online platforms that host user-generated advertising competitions on behalf of a company. Founded in 2007, Zooppa has launched ad competitions for brands such as Google, Nike, Hersheys, General Mills, Microsoft, NBC Universal, Zinio, and Mini Cooper.Crowdsourced advertisements have gained popularity in part to its cost effective nature, high consumer engagement, and ability to generate word-of-mouth. However, it remains controversial, as the long-term impact on the advertising industry is still unclear. 35 Global advertising Advertising has gone through five major stages of development domesticated, export, international, multi-national, and global. For global advertisers, there are four, potentially competing, business objectives that must be balanced when developing worldwide advertising building a brand while speaking with one voice, developing economies of scale in the creative process, maximising local effectiveness of ads, and increasing the companys urge of implementation.Born from the evolutionary stages of glob al marketing are the three primary and fundamentally different approaches to the development of global advertising executions exporting executions, producing local executions, and importing ideas that travel. 36 Advertising research is key to determining the success of an ad in any country or region. The ability to identify which elements and/or moments of an ad contribute to its success is how economies of scale are maximised. Once one knows what works in an ad, that idea or ideas can be imported by any other market. Market research measures, such as lean of Attention, Flow of Emotion and branding moments provide insight into what is working in an ad in any country or region because the measures are based on the visual, not verbal, elements of the ad. 37 Foreign public messaging See also Soft Powerand International Tourism AdvertisingForeign governments, particularly those that own marketable commercial products or services, often promote their interests and positions through the advertising of those goods because the target audience is not only largely unaware of the assemblage as a vehicle for hostile messaging but also entrusting to receive the message while in a mental state of absorbing information from advertisements during television commercial breaks, while reading a periodical, or while passing by billboards in public spaces. A prime example of this messaging technique is advertising campaigns to promote international travel. While advertising foreign destinations and services may stem from the typical goal of increasing revenue by drawing more tourism, some travel campaigns carry the additional or alternative think purpose of promoting good sentiments or improving existing ones among the target audience towards a given nation or region.It is common for advertising promoting foreign countries to be produced and distributed by the tourism ministries of those countries, so these ads often carry political literary arguments and/or depictions of t he foreign governments desired international public perception. Additionally, a wide range of foreign airlines and travel-related services which advertise separately from the destinations, themselves, are possess by their respective governments examples include, though are not limited to, the Emirates airline (Dubai), Singapore Airlines (Singapore), Qatar Airways (Qatar), China Airlines (Taiwan/Republic of China), and Air China (Peoples Republic of China).By render their destinations, airlines, and other services in a favorable and pleasant light, countries market themselves to populations abroad in a manner that could mitigate prior public impressions. citation needed Diversification In the realm of advertising agencies, continued industry diversification has seen observers note that big global clients dont need big global agencies any more. 38 This is reflected by the growth of non-traditional agencies in various global markets, such as Canadian business TAXI and SMART in Austra lia and has been referred to as a revolution in the ad world. 39 New technology The ability to record shows on digital video recorders (such as TiVo) allow users to record the programs for later viewing, enabling them to fast forward through commercials.Additionally, as more seasons of pre-recorded box sets are offered for sale of television programs fewer people watch the shows on TV. However, the fact that these sets are sold, means the company will receive additional profits from the sales of these sets. To counter this effect, a commixture of strategies have been employed. Many advertisers have opted for product placement on TV shows like Survivor. Other strategies include integrating advertising with internet-connected EPGs, advertising on companion devices (like smartphones and tablets) during the show, and creating TV apps. Additionally, some like brands have opted for social television sponsorship. citation needed Advertising education Advertising education has become widel y popular with bachelor, master and doctorate degrees becoming available in the emphasis. citation needed A surge in advertising interest is typically attributed to the strong relationship advertising plays in cultural and technological changes, such as the advance of online social networking. A unique model for teaching advertising is the student-run advertising agency, where advertising students create campaigns for real companies. 40 Organizations such as American Advertising Federation and AdU Network partner established companies with students to create these campaigns.Criticisms Main article Criticism of advertising While advertising can be seen as necessary for economic growth, it is not without social costs. Unsolicited commercial e-mail and other forms of spam have become so prevalent as to have become a major nuisance to users of these services, as well as being a financial burden on internet service providers. 41 Advertising is increasingly invading public spaces, such as schools, which some critics argue is a form of child exploitation. 4243 In addition, advertising frequently uses psychological pressure (for example, appealing to feelings of inadequacy) on the intended consumer, which may be harmful.Many even feel that often, advertisements exploit the desires of a consumer, by making a particular product more appealing, by manipulating the consumers needs and wants. Regulation Main article Advertising regulation There have been increasing efforts to protect the public interest by regulating the content and the set of advertising. Some examples are the ban on television Tobacco advertising imposed in many countries, and the total ban of advertising to children under 12 imposed by the Swedish government in 1991. though that regulation continues in effect for broadcasts originating within the country, it has been weakened by the European Court of Justice, which had found that Sweden was obliged to accept foreign programming, including those from ne ighboring countries or via satellite.Greeces regulations are of a similar nature, banning advertisements for childrens toys between 7 am and 10 pm and a total ban on advertisement for war toys. 44 In Europe and elsewhere, there is a vigorous debate on whether (or how much) advertising to children should be find outd. This debate was exacerbated by a report released by the Kaiser Family Foundation in February 2004 which suggested fast sustenance advertising that targets children was an important factor in the epidemic of childhood obesity in the United States. In New Zealand, South Africa,Pakistan, Afghanistan, Canada, and many European countries, the advertising industry operates a system of self-regulation.Advertisers, advertising agencies and the media agree on a code of advertising standards that they attempt to uphold. The general aim of such codes is to curb that any advertising is legal, decent, honest and truthful. Some self-regulatory organizations are funded by the indus try, but remain independent, with the intent of upholding the standards or codes like the Advertising Standards Authority in the UK. In the UK most forms of outdoor advertising such as the display of billboards is regulated by the UK Town and County Planning system. Currently the display of an advertisement without consent from the Planning Authority is a criminal offense apt to a fine of ? 2,500 per offence.All of the major outdoor billboard companies in the UK have convictions of this nature. In the US many communities believe that many forms of outdoor advertising blight the public realm. 45 As long ago as the 1960s in the US there were attempts to ban billboard advertising in the open countryside. 46 Cities such as Sao Paulo have introduced an outright ban47 with London also having specific legislation to control unlawful displays. Many advertisers employ a wide-variety of linguistic devices to bypass regulatory laws (e. g. In France, printing English words in bold and French t ranslations in fine print to deal with the Article 120 of the 1994 Toubon Law limiting the use of English). 48 The advertisement of controversial products such as cigarettes and condoms are subject to government regulation in many countries. For instance, the tobacco industry is required by law in most countries to display warnings cautioning consumers about the wellness hazards of their products. Linguistic variation is often used by advertisers as a creative device to rationalize the impact of such requirements. Advertising research Main article Advertising research Advertising research is a specialized form of research that works to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of advertising. It entails numerous forms of research which employ different methodologies.Advertising research includes pre-testing (also known as copy testing) and post-testing of ads and/or campaignspre-testing is through before an ad airs to gauge how well it will perform and post-testing is done after an ad airs to determine the in-market impact of the ad or campaign on the consumer. Continuous ad tracking and the Communicus dodging are competing examples of post-testing advertising research types. citation needed Semiotics Main article Advertising research Todays culture is made up of meanings between consumers and marketers. These meanings depict signs and symbols that are encoded in everyday objects. 49 Semiotics is the study of signs and how they are interpreted.Advertising has many hidden signs and meanings within brand names, logos, package designs, print advertisements, and television advertisements. The purpose of semiotics is to study and interpret the message being conveyed in advertisements. Logos and advertisements can be interpreted at two levels known as the surface level and the underlying level. The surface level uses signs creatively to create an image or personality for their product. These signs can be images, words, fonts, colors, or motto. The underlying leve l is made up of hidden meanings. The combination of images, words, colors, and slogan must be interpreted by the audience or consumer. 50 The key to advertising analysis is the signifier and the signified.The signifier is the object and the signified is the mental concept. 51 A product has a signifier and a signified. The signifier is the color, brand name, logo design, and technology. The signified has two meanings known as denotative and connotative. The denotative meaning is the meaning of the product. A televisions denotative meaning would be that it is high definition. The connotative meaning is the products cryptic and hidden meaning. A connotative meaning of a television would be that it is top of the line. 52 Apple is an excellent example of using semiotics in their advertising campaign. Apples commercials used a black silhouette of a person that was the age of Apples target market.They placed the silhouette in front of a blue screen so that the picture keister the silhou ette could be constantly changing. However, the one thing that stays the same in these ads is that there is music in the background and the silhouette is sense of hearing to that music on a white iPod through white headphones. finished advertising, the white color on a set of earphones now signifies that the music device is an iPod. The white color signifies almost all of Apples products. 53 The semiotics of gender plays a key influence on the way in which signs are interpreted. When considering gender roles in advertising, individuals are influenced by three categories.Certain characteristics of stumuli may enhance or decrease the elaboration of the message (if the product is perceived as feminine or masculine). Second, the characteristics of individuals can affect oversight and elaboration of the message (traditional or non-traditional gender role orientation). Lastly, situational factors may be important to influence the elaboration of the message. 54 There are two types of ma rketing communication ingests-objective and subjective. 55 Objective carrys stem from the extent to which the claim associates the brand with a tangible product or service feature. For instance, the camera has auto focus features. Subjective claims convey emotional, subjective, impressions of intangible aspects of a product or service.They are non-physical features of a product or service that cannot be directly perceived, as they have no physical reality. For instance the brochure has a bonnie design. 56 Males tend to respond better to objective marketing communications claims while females tend to respond better to subjective marketing communications claims. 57 In advertisements, men are represented as independent. They are shown in more occupations than women. Women are represented mainly as housewives and mothers. Men are more likely to be shown advertising cars or business products, while women advertise domestic products. Men are more likely to be shown outdoors or in busi ness settings. Women are depicted in domestic settings. Men are more often portrayed as authorities. As far as ds go, with age men seem to gain wisdom and potency. On the other hand women seem to disappear with age. Voiceovers are commonly used in advertising. Most voiceovers are men (figures of up to 94% have been reported). There have been more female voiceovers in recent years but mainly for alimental, household products, and feminine care products. 58 Gender effects in the processing of advertising According to a 1977 study by David Statt, females process information encompassingly, while males process information through heuristic devices such as procedures, methods or strategies for solving problems, which could have an effect on how they interpret advertising. 59 According to this study, men prefer to have available and apparent cues to interpret the message where females engage in more creative, associative, imagery-laced interpretation. More recently, research by Martin (2003) reveals that males and females differ in how they react to advertising depending on their mood at the time of exposure to the ads, and the affective trace of the advertising. When feeling sad, males prefer beaming ads to boost their mood. In contrast, females prefer happy ads when they are feeling happy. The television programs in which the ads are embedded are shown to influence a consumers mood state. 60 Enforcement Policy Statement on nutriment Advertising May 1994 I. Introduction II. Legal Framework for Commission satisfy III. alimentary Content Claims A. Claims Describing the Absolute and Comparative nutritive Content of Foods 1. Absolute Nutrient Content Claims 2. Comparative Nutrient Content Claims 3. Synonyms for Nutrient Content Claims 4. Implied Nutrient Content Claims B. Nutrient Content Claim Disclosures IV. Health Claims A. Standard for balk of Health Claims B. Health Claims for Foods That Contain a Nutrient at a Level That Increases the Risk of a Disease C. Nutrient/Substance Levels capable to Ensure Meaningful Health Benefits D. Minimum Nutritional Value for Foods accusation Health Claims E. Relevance of Dietary Factors to Claimed Health Benefit FootnotesIntroduction The Federal mete out Commission (FTC) is payoff this statement to provide guidance regarding its enforcement policy with respect to the use of nutrient content and health claims in food advertising. The Commission believes the statement is appropriate in light of the passage of the Nutrition Labeling and commandment Act of 1990 (NLEA),1 and the Food and Drug Administrations (FDA) January 6, 1993, issuance of food labeling regulations implementing the NLEA. 2 The FTC, FDA, and agribusiness share jurisdiction over claims made by manufacturers of food products consistent to a regulatory scheme established by Congress through complementary statutes. element 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (FTC Act) (hereinafter Section 5) set asides unfair or tawdry acts or p ractices, and, in the case of food products, Sections 12 and 15 of the FTC Act prohibit any false advertisement that is misleading in a material respect. 3 FDAs authority is embodied in part in Section 403(a) of the Federal Food, Drug, and cosmetic Act (FDCA) which prohibits labeling that is false or misleading in any particular. 4 Since 1954, the FTC and the FDA have operated under a Memorandum of Understanding,5 under which the Commission has expect primary responsibility for regulating food advertising, while FDA has taken primary responsibility for regulating food labeling. 6 The NLEA amended Section 403 of the FDCA and set up broad changes in the regulation of nutrition claims on food labels.In addition to requiring nutrition information on virtually all food products, the NLEA direct FDA to standardize and limit the terms permitted on labels, and allows only FDA-approved nutrient content claims and health claims to appear on food labels. 7 While the NLEA is designed in part to prevent deceptive and misleading claims on labels, Congress also intended that nutrient content and health claims educate consumers in order to assist them in maintaining healthy dietary practices. 8 The NLEA also mandated that FDA undertake a consumer education effort to educate consumers about the new food label and the importance of diet to health. 9 Therefore, in retentiveness with its recently expanded and unique jurisdictional mandate, the requirements set forth in FDAs regulations have a broader purpose than preventing false and misleading claims in food labeling.The NLEA applies only to labeling and did not change the FTCs statutory authority to prohibit deceptive acts or practices under Section 5 of the FTC Act. Nevertheless, in light of the comprehensive regulatory scheme established for food labeling claims by the NLEA, the Commission is issuing this statement to clarify how its own authority relates to issues raised by FDAs food labeling regulations. The Commission r ecognizes the importance of consistent treatment of nutrient content and health claims in food advertising and labeling and seeks to harmonize its advertising enforcement program with FDAs food labeling regulations to the fullest extent possible under the statutory authority of the FTC Act. The Commission also recognizes the scientific expertise of FDA in this area.The Commission has traditionally accorded great weight to FDAs scientific determinations in matters of nutrition and health and will continue to do so. In addition, as a general matter, it is unlikely that the Commission will take action under Sections 5 and 12 of the FTC Act regarding nutrient content and health claims if they comply with FDAs regulations. 10 The principal elements of the Commissions authority to regulate nutrient content and health claims in food advertising are set forth below in the discussion of the Commissions legal textile in Part II of this statement. Part III of the statement addresses the Commi ssions approach to harmonization with the NLEA and FDAs regulations in the area of nutrient content claims in food advertising.Part IV of the statement addresses the Commissions approach to health claims in food advertising. Claims made in food advertising may raise issues addressed in more than one section of this statement. Advertisers, therefore, should comply with all relevant provender of the statement and not simply the provision that seems most directly applicable. In issuing this statement, the Commission recognizes that the FDA intends its regulatory approach to be dynamic, designed to respond to changes in science and consumer understanding of nutrition and diet-disease issues. Therefore, while the Commissions purpose in issuing this statement is to provide guidance on how t will enforce Sections 5 and 12 in the food advertising area, the statement is not intended to provide a comprehensive analysis of how each of FDAs regulations relates to the Commissions enforcement po licy. Instead, this statement focuses on the general issues that are likely to remain relevant to the Commissions regulation of food advertising over time, as specific victuals in the FDA regulations are amended. Legal Framework for Commission Action As noted above, the FTC regulates food advertising under its statutory authority to prohibit deceptive acts or practices under Section 5 of the FTC Act. The Commission has set forth its interpretations of this authority in its Deception Policy Statement11 and its Statement on Advertising Substantiation. 2 FTC food cases, applying the principles articulated in these statements, have also established a growing body of precedent against which food advertisers can assess the lawfulness of their claims. 13 As set out in the Deception Statement, the Commission will find an advertisement deceptive under Section 5 and, therefore, unlawful, if it contains a archetype or deletion of fact that is likely to mislead consumers acting reasonably und er the circumstances, and that representation or omission is material. 14 The first step in a conjuration analysis is to identify representations made by an advertisement. A representation may be made by express or implied claims. An express claim directly makes a representation.The identification of an implied claim requires an examination of both the representation and the overall context of the ad,15 including the juxtaposition of phrases, images, and the nature of the claim and the transaction. 16 In other words, in ascertaining the meaning of an advertisement, the Commission will focus on the ads overall net impression. 17 In addition to deception arising from affirmative representations in an advertisement, the omission of material information may also be deceptive in certain circumstances. First, deception can occur through omission of information that is necessary to prevent an affirmative representation from being misleading. 8 Second, it can also be deceptive for a marke ter to simply remain silent, if he does so under circumstances that pay an implied but false representation. 19 However, not all omissions are deceptive, even if providing the information would benefit consumers. 20 As with advertisements that contain affirmative representations, the test for whether an omission is deceptive is whether the overall impression created by the ad is deceptive. 21 The adjacent step in identifying deception in an ad requires the Commission to consider the representation from the perspective of a consumer acting reasonably under the circumstances. 22 Finally, a representation must be material, i. e. , likely to affect a consumers choice or use of a product or service. 3 Express claims and claims involving health or safety are presumptively material. 24 In addition, objective claims carry with them the implication that they are supported by valid evidence. It is deceptive, therefore, to make an express or implied nutrition or health benefit claim for a fo od unless, at the time the claim is made, the advertiser possesses and relies upon a reasonable basis substantiating the claim. 25 A reasonable basis consists of competent and reliable evidence. In the context of nutrient content or health claims, substantiation will usually require competent and reliable scientific evidence sufficient to support the claim that is made. 6 Commission orders generally require that scientific evidence consist of tests, analyses, research, studies or other evidence conducted and evaluated in an objective manner by persons qualified to do so, using procedures generally accepted in the relevant profes